Pharaoh Hatshepsut of Egypt Biography

Pharaoh Hatshepsut of Egypt Biography Hatshepsut (Hatshepsowe), one of the rare women pharaohs of Egypt, had a long and successful reign marked by remarkable building projects and lucrative trading expeditions. She campaigned in Nubia (perhaps not in person), sent a fleet of ships to the land of Punt, and had an impressive temple and mortuary complex built in the Valley of the Kings. Hatshepsut was the half-sister and wife of Thutmose II (who died after only a few years on the throne). Hatshepsuts nephew and stepson, Thutmose III, was in line for the throne of Egypt, but he was still young, and so Hatshepsut took over. Being a woman was an obstacle, although a Middle Kingdom female pharaoh, Sobekneferu/Neferusobek, had ruled before her, in the 12th dynasty, so Hatshepsut had precedent. After her death, but not immediately. her name was erased and her tomb destroyed. The reasons continue to be debated. Occupation Ruler Dates and Titles Hatshepsut lived in the 15th century B.C. and ruled in the early part of the 18th Dynasty in Egypt the period known as the New Kingdom. The dates of her rule are variously given as 1504-1482, 1490/88-1468, 1479-1457, and 1473-1458 B.C. (according to Joyce Tyldesleys Hatchepsut). Her reign dates from the start of Thutmose III, her stepson, and nephew, with whom she was co-regent. Hatshepsut was pharaoh or king of Egypt for about 15-20 years. The dating is uncertain. Josephus, quoting Manetho (the father of Egyptian history), says her reign lasted about 22 years. Before becoming pharaoh, Hatshepsut had been Thutmose IIs main or Great Royal Wife. She had not produced a male heir, but he did have sons by other wives, including Thutmoses III. Family Hatshepsut was the oldest daughter of Tuthmose I and Aahmes. She married her half-brother Thutmose II when their father died. She was the mother of Princess Neferure. Other Names WosretkauMaat-ka-reKhnemetamun Hatshepsut Feminine or Masculine Appearance of Hatshepsut A fascinating New Kingdom ruler, Hatshepsut is depicted in a short kilt, a crown or head cloth, a collar and a false beard (Tyldesley, p.130 Hatchepsut). One limestone statue shows her without a beard and with breasts, but usually, her body is masculine. Tyldesley says a childhood depiction presents her with male genitalia. The pharaoh seems to have appeared female or male as need dictated. The pharaoh was expected to be a male in order to maintain the right order of the world Maat. A female upset this order. Besides being male, a pharaoh was expected to intervene with the gods on behalf of the people and be fit. Hatshepsuts Athletic Skill Wolfgang Decker, an expert on sport among the ancient Egyptians, says that at the Sed festival, pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, made a circuit of the pyramid complex of Djoser. The pharaohs run had 3 functions: to demonstrate the pharaohs fitness after 30 years in power, to make a symbolic circuit of his territory, and to symbolically rejuvenate him.[Source: Donald G. Kyle. Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World] It is worth noting that the mummified body, thought to be that of the female pharaoh, was middle-aged and obese. Deir El-bahri (Deir El Bahari) Hatshepsut had a mortuary temple known and without hyperbole as Djeser-Djeseru Sublime of the Sublimes. It was built of limestone at Deir el-Bahri, near where she had her tombs built, in the Valley of the Kings. The temple was primarily dedicated to Amun (as a garden to her so-called [divine] father Amun), but also to the gods Hathor and Anubis. Its architect was Senenmut (Senmut) who may have been her consort and seems to have predeceased his queen. Hatshepsut also restored Amuns temples elsewhere in Egypt. Sometime after Hatshepsuts death, all temple references to her were chiseled off. For more information on this temple, see Archaeology Guide Kris Hirsts The Cache at Deir el-Bahri - Hatshepsuts Palace in Egypt. Hatshepsuts Mummy In the Valley of the Kings is a tomb, called KV60, that Howard Carter found in 1903. It contained 2 badly damaged mummies of women. One was of Hatshepsuts nurse, Sitre. The other was an obese middle-aged woman about 51 tall with her left arm across her chest in a royal position. Evisceration had been performed through her pelvic floor instead of the normal side cut because of her obesity. Sitres mummy was removed in 1906, but the obese mummy was left. American Egyptologist Donald P. Ryan rediscovered the tomb in 1989. It has been suggested that this mummy is that of Hatshepsut and that it was removed to this tomb from KV20 either following a robbery or to protect her from the attempted obliteration of her memory. Egypts Minister of Antiquities, Zahi Hawass, believes a tooth in a box and other DNA evidence proves this is the body of the female pharaoh. Death The cause of Hatshepsuts death, according to a New York Times article from June 27, 2007, citing Zahi Hawass, is thought to be bone cancer. She also appears to have been diabetic, obese, with bad teeth, and about 50-years-old. The body of the pharaoh was identified by a tooth. Sources Chronicle of the Pharaohs, by Peter A. Clayton; Thames Hudson: 1994.Silent Images: Women in Pharaonic Egypt, by Zahi HawassHatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh,  by Joyce A. Tyldesley

Pharaoh Hatshepsut of Egypt Biography

Pharaoh Hatshepsut of Egypt Biography Hatshepsut (Hatshepsowe), one of the rare women pharaohs of Egypt, had a long and successful reign marked by remarkable building projects and lucrative trading expeditions. She campaigned in Nubia (perhaps not in person), sent a fleet of ships to the land of Punt, and had an impressive temple and mortuary complex built in the Valley of the Kings. Hatshepsut was the half-sister and wife of Thutmose II (who died after only a few years on the throne). Hatshepsuts nephew and stepson, Thutmose III, was in line for the throne of Egypt, but he was still young, and so Hatshepsut took over. Being a woman was an obstacle, although a Middle Kingdom female pharaoh, Sobekneferu/Neferusobek, had ruled before her, in the 12th dynasty, so Hatshepsut had precedent. After her death, but not immediately. her name was erased and her tomb destroyed. The reasons continue to be debated. Occupation Ruler Dates and Titles Hatshepsut lived in the 15th century B.C. and ruled in the early part of the 18th Dynasty in Egypt the period known as the New Kingdom. The dates of her rule are variously given as 1504-1482, 1490/88-1468, 1479-1457, and 1473-1458 B.C. (according to Joyce Tyldesleys Hatchepsut). Her reign dates from the start of Thutmose III, her stepson, and nephew, with whom she was co-regent. Hatshepsut was pharaoh or king of Egypt for about 15-20 years. The dating is uncertain. Josephus, quoting Manetho (the father of Egyptian history), says her reign lasted about 22 years. Before becoming pharaoh, Hatshepsut had been Thutmose IIs main or Great Royal Wife. She had not produced a male heir, but he did have sons by other wives, including Thutmoses III. Family Hatshepsut was the oldest daughter of Tuthmose I and Aahmes. She married her half-brother Thutmose II when their father died. She was the mother of Princess Neferure. Other Names WosretkauMaat-ka-reKhnemetamun Hatshepsut Feminine or Masculine Appearance of Hatshepsut A fascinating New Kingdom ruler, Hatshepsut is depicted in a short kilt, a crown or head cloth, a collar and a false beard (Tyldesley, p.130 Hatchepsut). One limestone statue shows her without a beard and with breasts, but usually, her body is masculine. Tyldesley says a childhood depiction presents her with male genitalia. The pharaoh seems to have appeared female or male as need dictated. The pharaoh was expected to be a male in order to maintain the right order of the world Maat. A female upset this order. Besides being male, a pharaoh was expected to intervene with the gods on behalf of the people and be fit. Hatshepsuts Athletic Skill Wolfgang Decker, an expert on sport among the ancient Egyptians, says that at the Sed festival, pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, made a circuit of the pyramid complex of Djoser. The pharaohs run had 3 functions: to demonstrate the pharaohs fitness after 30 years in power, to make a symbolic circuit of his territory, and to symbolically rejuvenate him.[Source: Donald G. Kyle. Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World] It is worth noting that the mummified body, thought to be that of the female pharaoh, was middle-aged and obese. Deir El-bahri (Deir El Bahari) Hatshepsut had a mortuary temple known and without hyperbole as Djeser-Djeseru Sublime of the Sublimes. It was built of limestone at Deir el-Bahri, near where she had her tombs built, in the Valley of the Kings. The temple was primarily dedicated to Amun (as a garden to her so-called [divine] father Amun), but also to the gods Hathor and Anubis. Its architect was Senenmut (Senmut) who may have been her consort and seems to have predeceased his queen. Hatshepsut also restored Amuns temples elsewhere in Egypt. Sometime after Hatshepsuts death, all temple references to her were chiseled off. For more information on this temple, see Archaeology Guide Kris Hirsts The Cache at Deir el-Bahri - Hatshepsuts Palace in Egypt. Hatshepsuts Mummy In the Valley of the Kings is a tomb, called KV60, that Howard Carter found in 1903. It contained 2 badly damaged mummies of women. One was of Hatshepsuts nurse, Sitre. The other was an obese middle-aged woman about 51 tall with her left arm across her chest in a royal position. Evisceration had been performed through her pelvic floor instead of the normal side cut because of her obesity. Sitres mummy was removed in 1906, but the obese mummy was left. American Egyptologist Donald P. Ryan rediscovered the tomb in 1989. It has been suggested that this mummy is that of Hatshepsut and that it was removed to this tomb from KV20 either following a robbery or to protect her from the attempted obliteration of her memory. Egypts Minister of Antiquities, Zahi Hawass, believes a tooth in a box and other DNA evidence proves this is the body of the female pharaoh. Death The cause of Hatshepsuts death, according to a New York Times article from June 27, 2007, citing Zahi Hawass, is thought to be bone cancer. She also appears to have been diabetic, obese, with bad teeth, and about 50-years-old. The body of the pharaoh was identified by a tooth. Sources Chronicle of the Pharaohs, by Peter A. Clayton; Thames Hudson: 1994.Silent Images: Women in Pharaonic Egypt, by Zahi HawassHatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh,  by Joyce A. Tyldesley

Pharaoh Hatshepsut of Egypt Biography

Pharaoh Hatshepsut of Egypt Biography Hatshepsut (Hatshepsowe), one of the rare women pharaohs of Egypt, had a long and successful reign marked by remarkable building projects and lucrative trading expeditions. She campaigned in Nubia (perhaps not in person), sent a fleet of ships to the land of Punt, and had an impressive temple and mortuary complex built in the Valley of the Kings. Hatshepsut was the half-sister and wife of Thutmose II (who died after only a few years on the throne). Hatshepsuts nephew and stepson, Thutmose III, was in line for the throne of Egypt, but he was still young, and so Hatshepsut took over. Being a woman was an obstacle, although a Middle Kingdom female pharaoh, Sobekneferu/Neferusobek, had ruled before her, in the 12th dynasty, so Hatshepsut had precedent. After her death, but not immediately. her name was erased and her tomb destroyed. The reasons continue to be debated. Occupation Ruler Dates and Titles Hatshepsut lived in the 15th century B.C. and ruled in the early part of the 18th Dynasty in Egypt the period known as the New Kingdom. The dates of her rule are variously given as 1504-1482, 1490/88-1468, 1479-1457, and 1473-1458 B.C. (according to Joyce Tyldesleys Hatchepsut). Her reign dates from the start of Thutmose III, her stepson, and nephew, with whom she was co-regent. Hatshepsut was pharaoh or king of Egypt for about 15-20 years. The dating is uncertain. Josephus, quoting Manetho (the father of Egyptian history), says her reign lasted about 22 years. Before becoming pharaoh, Hatshepsut had been Thutmose IIs main or Great Royal Wife. She had not produced a male heir, but he did have sons by other wives, including Thutmoses III. Family Hatshepsut was the oldest daughter of Tuthmose I and Aahmes. She married her half-brother Thutmose II when their father died. She was the mother of Princess Neferure. Other Names WosretkauMaat-ka-reKhnemetamun Hatshepsut Feminine or Masculine Appearance of Hatshepsut A fascinating New Kingdom ruler, Hatshepsut is depicted in a short kilt, a crown or head cloth, a collar and a false beard (Tyldesley, p.130 Hatchepsut). One limestone statue shows her without a beard and with breasts, but usually, her body is masculine. Tyldesley says a childhood depiction presents her with male genitalia. The pharaoh seems to have appeared female or male as need dictated. The pharaoh was expected to be a male in order to maintain the right order of the world Maat. A female upset this order. Besides being male, a pharaoh was expected to intervene with the gods on behalf of the people and be fit. Hatshepsuts Athletic Skill Wolfgang Decker, an expert on sport among the ancient Egyptians, says that at the Sed festival, pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, made a circuit of the pyramid complex of Djoser. The pharaohs run had 3 functions: to demonstrate the pharaohs fitness after 30 years in power, to make a symbolic circuit of his territory, and to symbolically rejuvenate him.[Source: Donald G. Kyle. Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World] It is worth noting that the mummified body, thought to be that of the female pharaoh, was middle-aged and obese. Deir El-bahri (Deir El Bahari) Hatshepsut had a mortuary temple known and without hyperbole as Djeser-Djeseru Sublime of the Sublimes. It was built of limestone at Deir el-Bahri, near where she had her tombs built, in the Valley of the Kings. The temple was primarily dedicated to Amun (as a garden to her so-called [divine] father Amun), but also to the gods Hathor and Anubis. Its architect was Senenmut (Senmut) who may have been her consort and seems to have predeceased his queen. Hatshepsut also restored Amuns temples elsewhere in Egypt. Sometime after Hatshepsuts death, all temple references to her were chiseled off. For more information on this temple, see Archaeology Guide Kris Hirsts The Cache at Deir el-Bahri - Hatshepsuts Palace in Egypt. Hatshepsuts Mummy In the Valley of the Kings is a tomb, called KV60, that Howard Carter found in 1903. It contained 2 badly damaged mummies of women. One was of Hatshepsuts nurse, Sitre. The other was an obese middle-aged woman about 51 tall with her left arm across her chest in a royal position. Evisceration had been performed through her pelvic floor instead of the normal side cut because of her obesity. Sitres mummy was removed in 1906, but the obese mummy was left. American Egyptologist Donald P. Ryan rediscovered the tomb in 1989. It has been suggested that this mummy is that of Hatshepsut and that it was removed to this tomb from KV20 either following a robbery or to protect her from the attempted obliteration of her memory. Egypts Minister of Antiquities, Zahi Hawass, believes a tooth in a box and other DNA evidence proves this is the body of the female pharaoh. Death The cause of Hatshepsuts death, according to a New York Times article from June 27, 2007, citing Zahi Hawass, is thought to be bone cancer. She also appears to have been diabetic, obese, with bad teeth, and about 50-years-old. The body of the pharaoh was identified by a tooth. Sources Chronicle of the Pharaohs, by Peter A. Clayton; Thames Hudson: 1994.Silent Images: Women in Pharaonic Egypt, by Zahi HawassHatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh,  by Joyce A. Tyldesley

Global ethical Issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global ethical Issues - Research Paper Example Just war theory is a philosophy which seeks to determine when wars are morally valid to fight and also seeks to establish the principles for waging them. There are two parts of just war theory, â€Å"Jus Ad Bellum† and â€Å"Jus In Bello† (MacKinnon, 2012, pp. 243-244). The first of these tries to establish when causes are just, and the second tries to establish how exactly wars should be fought in a just way. Both of these are extremely important for waging just wars, as â€Å"even if a war were fought for a just cause, with the prospect of achieving more good than harm, as a last resort only, and with the proper intention, it still would not be fully just if it were not conducted justly or in accordance with certain principles or moral guidelines† (MacKinnon, 2012, p244). â€Å"Jus Ad Bellum,† or the right to wage war, seeks to establish when it is morally valid to initiate a war. The simplest possible way of describing this part of just war theory is that unless you have a reason to initiate a war that is itself morally valid, there is no way the war will be morally valid. A few of the common criteria for just wars are â€Å"having just cause, being a last resort, being declared by a proper authority, possessing right intention, having a reasonable chance of success, and the end being proportional to the means used† (Mosely, 2009). If all of these criteria are met, then it may be just to wage a war, although it is worth noting that â€Å"the lack of a strict ethical framework means that the principles themselves are open to broad interpretations† (Mosely, 2009). Regardless of how strictly warring nations follow the Jus Ad Bellum principles, it is clear that they are informed largely by theories of consequentialist moral reasoning. This is the kind of reasoning which is not concerned so much with how something is carried out as it is with why. That is, â€Å"we should only be concerned about our actions in

The Role of Medical Laboratory Assistants Assignment

The Role of Medical Laboratory Assistants - Assignment Example But the main duty of MLAs is to process the sample so the MLA should have a sound knowledge about the sampling and the processing techniques as well as the local recommendations of the regional medical legislative authority. The main principles of planning a test include the propose of carrying out the test, the knowledge of the clinical suspicion for a particular disease. Then the time frame of performance is planned followed by the list of the equipment and the chemical used and then the standard procedures for the investigation are gone through in detail to exclude the possibility of missing anything. Basically, the responsibility of accurate and timely reporting of test results lies on the personnel working in the laboratory as there are many problems which can arise even before the sample has undergone the analytical process. These errors can only be tackled properly if the prior understanding of the process, as well as the capability to identify any error in these processes, is present in the MLAs. In addition to this, controlled and correct interpretation of results needs a comprehensive knowledge of analytical, biological and pathophysiological variability and the extent of this change. There should also be sound knowledge about the time span in which changes can occur in the sample resulting in the variations and errors in the final results. Reproducibility shows the relation of the results of the tests carried out with different operators, test apparatus and in different laboratories, it is usually expressed in the form of standard deviation. It is directly related to the accuracy of the results and MLAs should be able to reproduce the results which are accepted worldwide. The process review techniques should be quick and easy as it will save the time of quality control supervisors.